英语语法-动词的3种变形

动词原本在句子中应该做谓语,但可以通过改变动词的形态,让它起名词、形容词、分词的作用。

  • 动词不定式, to + V, 起 名词、形容词、副词的作用
  • 动名词,V-ing, 起 名词 的作用
  • 分词, V-ing, V-ed, 起 形容词 的作用

动词不定式

**“to + 动词”**,

  • 名词的作用,在句子中作主、宾、补

    I want to drink. “to drink” 表示名词 “喝的东西”

    I want to drink water.

    I want to drink coke.

    I want to eat an apple.

  • 形容词的作用,修饰名词

    I want water to drink. to drink 修饰名词 water, 表示”要喝的水“

  • 副词的作用,修饰形容词、副词、动词、句子

    I stopped the work to dirnk water. “to drink water” “为了喝水”,用来说明停下工作的目的

动词不定式-名词性用法

  1. 主语

    To study is my hobby.

    To play the piano is interesting.

  2. 宾语

    I like to study. “to study”作宾语

  3. 补语

    My hobby is to study.

    My dream is to be a doctor.

动词不定式-形容词性用法

形容词修饰名词一般放在名词前(difficult homework),动词不定式起形容词作用时一般放在名词后 (homework to finish)

I have no food to eat.

动词不定式和介词连用修饰名词

I have no house to live in.

I need a chair to sition.

I have no friend to play with.

动词不定式-副词性用法

  1. 修饰 形容词, 一般 放在形容词后

    This book is difficult.

    This book is difficult to read. “to read” 修饰 形容词 difficult

  2. 修饰 副词

    He is to young to go to school. (Hi is so yong that he can’t go to school.), “to go” 修饰 副词 too

  3. 修饰 动词、句子

    I wake up early to catch the first train. (表示目的)

    She goes to the store to buy an apple.

    I am glad to meet you. (表示理由)

    He must be mad to do so.(判断的依据)

    grow , live, awake 这三个动词表示结果

    • He grew up to be a teacher. (他长大成了老师)
    • She lived to be eighty. (她活到了80岁)
    • I studied hard only to fail. (我努力学习,但还是失败), 表示结果

动名词

在动词后面加-ing,起 名词作用的词就是动名词。动名词只有名词的作用, 在句子中做 主宾补

  1. 做主语

    Learning English is difficult. = To learn English is difficult.

    it 作 形式主语,动名词或动词不定式 作 真正主语

    It is difficult learning English. = It is difficult to learn English.

  2. 做宾语

    I like reading a book. = I like to read a book.

  3. 做补语

    My hobby is collecting stamps. = My hobby is to collect stamps.

  4. 介词的宾语

    介词是具体表示时间、地点、空间的词,但单独一个介词并不完整。

    介词一般用于名词前,其后不接动词、形容词、副词。所有介词后用动词,一定要把动词变为动名词

    I am interested in going there.

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    be interested in doing something
    be found of
    be sure of
    be proud of
    be ashamed of

逻辑主语

动词不定式 充当逻辑主语

I want to succeed.

**支配动词不定式(to succeed)的主体 是 逻辑主语(I)**。 I 与句子的主语一致,这是为了避免重复就不再写出逻辑主语。

I want her to succeed.

这个句子的句型为”主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语”。 支配动词不定式(to succeed) 的 主体 是逻辑主语,逻辑主语 是 she, 与句子的主语 I 不一样,所有两个都要写出来。且逻辑主语,要用人称代词的宾格形式(her)

在以形式主语it开头的句子中,要用”for + 宾格”写出支配动词不定式的逻辑主语。 如果形式主语it后表示人的特质或性格的形容词,要用”of + 宾格”

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It is easy for me to teach English.
It is impossible for her to help you.
It was easy for me to carry the box.

It kind/polite/impolite/wise/smart/foolish of + 宾格 + 动词不定式

It is kind of you to help me.
It is wise of him to tell the truth.
动名词 充当逻辑主语

动名词的用法和动词不定式的名词性用法几乎一样,但在逻辑主语上有差别。动名词的逻辑主语直接使用所有格或宾格形式

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It is no use  your / you predicting the weather.
his / him
her / her
Jane's / Jane
my mom's / my mom

动名词 的逻辑主语 是 事物时,不能用所有格形式,只能用宾格形式

She is always talking about my car having a good seat.

句子的主语(She) 与 支配动名词(having a good seat) 的主体 (my car) 不一致,所有要写出逻辑主语,而逻辑主语是事物,所以只能用宾格形式(my car)

第三类句型的宾语形态

在第三类句型中**”主语 + 谓语 + 宾语”,如果动词想作宾语就要变成名词,动词变名词2中方法,动名词** 和 动词不定式的名词性用法

I want to eat.

只能用动词不定式作宾语的动词

want、wish、hope、expect(期望)、promise、decide, 含有预期、未来的意思表示将来会发生的事情

I want to eat.

I hope to master English.

只能用动名词作作宾语的动词

mind、enjoy、give up、avoid、finish、escape、stop, 有”平时做…”,“过去做….”的意思

可以用动名词、动词不定式作宾语的动词

love、like、hate、begin、start、continue,一般表示现在的状态

有些动词不定式和动名词都可作宾语,但意思不同。 动词不定式含有未来的意思,动名词还有过去的意思

I remember sending a postcard. 我记得寄过明信片

I remember to send a postcard. 我记得要寄明信片